Which of the following policy instruments does the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) utilize to create a liquidity requirement (shortage) in the money market?

i. Statutory cash reserve requirements
ii. Open-market operations
iii. Government budget deficits
iv. Exchange rates

A. (i) and (ii) only
B. (iii) and (iv) only
C. (i) , (ii) , and (iii) only
D. (i) , (ii) , and (iv) only
E. None of the above