For each of the following situations, state the two competing hypotheses to be tested using words rather than mathematical symbols or formulas.
1. A company designs a program aimed at helping people stop smoking. They design a study aimed at testing the program.
2. A study wished to examine whether using seat belts affected the se- verity of injuries sustained by children in automobile accidents (Os- berg & Di Scala, 1992).
3. A researcher hypothesizes that the more drivers use cellular phones, the greater the likelihood of getting into a traffic accident.
4. "It was hypothesized that ... infants who spent greater amounts of time in center-based care would demonstrate more advanced ex- ploratory behaviors than infants who did not spend as much time in center-based care" (Schuetze et al., 1999, p. 269).
5. "It is expected that achievement motivation will be a positive pre- dictor of academic success" (Busato et al., 2000, p. 1060).
6. "The purpose of our study was to gain a better understanding of the relationship between social functioning and problem drinking....We predicted that problem drinkers would endorse more social deficits than nonproblem drinkers" (Lewis & O'Neill, 2000, pp. 295-296).