In each of the processes described below, energy flows across the boundary of the object that serves as the subject of each sentence. Is this energy flow heat, work, or some other kind of energy transfer? Briefly explain your reasoning in each case.
(a) A car skids to a stop, causing its tires to smoke.
(b) A chunk of metal is vaporized by a laser.
(c) A ball deforms as you squeeze it.
(d) Your coffee cools as it sits in a cup on your table.
(e) Air in a cylinder gets colder as you allow the cylinder's volume to increase.