Prove that the three parts of the quadratic reciprocity theorem are equivalent to the following three concise formulas, where p and q are odd primes:
a. (-1/p) = (-1)p - 1/2
b. (2/p) = (-1)p2 - 1/8
c. (p/q)(q/P) = (-1)p - 1/2 q - 1/2