1.1 1.2 What profession does the writer belong to and what nationality is he? What do you understand the first lecture was about ? Use your own words as far as possible. (2) (2) 1.3 1.4 1.5 What two questions did the students ask? Use What is the third question the students ask? Use your own words. Paragraph 2 begins with 'A prime example.... What is the writer giving an example of? your own words. (2) (1) (1) 1.6 1.7 What is the 'mess' referred to in paragraph 2? Use your own words. What about the 'mess' led to it being called 'disastrous'? (1) (2) 1.8 Paragraphs 3 and 4 both use the word 'anticipate'. Explain the meaning of the word as it is used in this context. (1) 1.9 Why should non-literate societies have had more of a problem than literate societies in learning from experience? (2) 1.10 The passage gives two reasons why literate societies fail to anticipate problems. What are these? (2) 1.11.1 In paragraph 5, is the writer sympathetic towards or critical of Americans? Explain your answer. (2) 1.11.2 Explain what effect on the reader the writer wanted when he used the word 'gas- guzzling rather than the synonym 'petrol-heavy'. (1) 1.12 1.13 In paragraph 5, what is the writer implying that non-literate societies talk about? What does 'despite volumes of print spilled' refer to? (1) (1)
