5. Sawflies are insects that lay eggs inside of plant tissue. The eggs hatch into larvae and feed on the plant before pupating and transforming into adult flies. Sawflies target pine trees in particular, and their larvae can destroy healthy trees in a short period of time. In defense, pine trees produce volatile organic compounds that attract predatory wasps that feed on either eggs or the larvae. Researchers studied the induction of mRNA transcripts for a gene involved in synthesis of a volatile organic compound by pine trees in response to egg-laying sawflies. The data below show one control group and four experimental groups. The control (C) consisted of pine branches with no eggs. E3 were branches laden with eggs tested 3 days after egg-laying. E14 were branches laden with eggs tested 14 days after egg-laying, just when larvae hatch. E+L were branches laden with eggs 1.1.7


The refined diagram displays the interaction between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, two different bone cell types. It shows that calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts (indicated by a positive sign) and restricts osteoclasts (indicated by a negative sign). The arrows in the diagram represent calcitonin's effects on these cells, enhancing bone construction through osteoblasts while reducing bone breakdown by osteoclasts. This mechanism helps regulate bone stability by adjusting to fluctuations in blood calcium concentrations.
a. Analyze the data in the graph to determine how the timing of the pine tree’s production of a defensive volatile organic compound relates to the life cycle of the sawfly larvae. Explain the mechanism of evolution of this process. (4 points)
b. Draw a diagram to describe how information moves among the three organisms discussed in this example. In your diagram, show the internal changes taking place in the pine-tree cells as they receive information from one organism, respond to that information, and then transmit other information to the second organism. (3 points)