Mandatory arrest policies were largely endorsed by the Violence Against Women Act and feminist criminologists. Which of the following is/are true about "mandatory arrest policies?"
a. The laws for mandatory arrests are federal; they are the same across U.S. states
b. Because mandatory arrest laws are race-neutral in jurisprudence, they resulted in less racial inequity in domestic violence arrests
c. Mandatory arrest laws result in victims of intimate partner violence being arrested more frequently
d. Minority and immigrant women in the U.S. wanted the same mandatory arrest provisions as white women
e. In states with mandatory arrest policies, officers must arrest 1 or more people if they have reason to believe domestic violence has occurred