Miranda had a brain injury 5 years ago, when she was 22 years old. The injury did not impair her memories formed earlier in life. For example, after the injury, she had normal recall of her teenage and childhood years. However, since her injury, she has not been able to form new, conscious memories of her experiences. Thus, Miranda is now 27 years old, and she would be unable to tell you about any of the events she has experienced in the past 5 years, because she has no conscious memory of them. In this example, Miranda's brain injury at age 22 caused her to develop:
a. both anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia.
b. anterograde amnesia.
c. retrograde amnesia.
d. neither anterograde amnesia nor retrograde amnesia.