Which of the following statements does NOT express general beliefs of the Progressives?

a. an optimistic vision that society is capable of improvement
b. a belief that growth and progress should not occur recklessly as they had in the late nineteenth century
c. a conviction that people's direct, purposeful interyention in social and economic affairs was needed to order and improve society
d. the idea that allowing the economy to function on its own without any intervention from the government or people would help solve the problems of society