Chew and colleagues (2020) conducted a geospatial analysis of California schools to determine what non-school related factors were associated with academic achievement as measured by the SAT. Their results indicated that schools in 'cold spots', where students had significantly lower scores on the SAT had the following characteristics :
a. Located in Northern California
b. More families with low SES
c. More non-nuclear families
d. Greater number of education-related businesses
e. More ethnic diversity