Please paraphrase Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) presents as a complex and protracted clinical picture with often severe social and health consequences for those affected. The symptoms of PTSD are very heterogeneous and varied, and in addition to the classic symptom triad of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal, PTSD is characterized by a high comorbidity with chronic pain. Prevalence rates of chronic pain vary depending on how PTSD is assessed and defined, but self-reported pooled prevalence of PTSD is above 20% in individuals with chronic pain.46 Moreover, individuals with pain and comorbid PTSD report greater pain severity5 and pain-related impairment.12 Although there is strong evidence that PTSD is a risk factor for the development of chronic pain conditions, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood and may vary depending on trauma type.