Unfolding Case Study: Exploring Left-Sided Heart Failure
Mr. Johnson, a 62-year-old man, presents to the emergency department complaining of worsening shortness of breath, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea over the past week. He has a medical history significant for hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, and a prior myocardial infarction. On examination, you note bibasilar crackles on lung auscultation, elevated jugular venous pressure, and pedal edema. His vital signs reveal a blood pressure of 160/90 mmHg, heart rate of 100 beats per minute, respiratory rate of 28 breaths per minute, and oxygen saturation of 92% on room air. What risk factors in Mr. Johnson's medical history predispose him to the development of left- sided heart failure?
