The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP yields 1/2 the energy release as the hydrolysis of ATP to AMP. Which statement below explains the difference in this energy yield/release?
a) The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP results in the breakage of a phosphate ester bond however the hydrolysis of ATP to AMP results in the breakage of a phosphoanhydride bond. The hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride releases double the energy as the phosphate ester bond.
b) ADP is a more stable molecule than AMP which accounts for the energy yield difference.
c) The hydrolysis of ATP to AMP yields an inorganic pyrophosphate which can be hydrolyzed to two inorganic phosphate molecules. The hydrolysis of the second phosphoanhydride bond of the pyrophosphate to produce inorganic phosphate yields an additional 7.3 kca/mo of energy.
d) The lower concentration of AMP in the cell compared to ATP makes the hydrolysis of ATP more exergonic.