Which of the following statements is NOT true?
a. A balance exists between energy gains and losses for the Earth-atmosphere system around 36° latitude
b. 45% of the incoming shortwave radiation is absorbed by the Earth’s surface
c. 31% of the incoming shortwave radiation is reflected by the atmosphere and Earth’s surface
d. 21% of the incoming shortwave radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere
e. 28% of the incoming shortwave radiation is refracted by the atmosphere