With text analytics, information is extracted out of large quantities of various types of textual information. Which of the following is not one of the steps involved in text analytics described in your text?

a. Exploration of documents for preliminary categorization or identification of common topics
b. Preprocessing of documents to standardize content as much as possible
c. Categorization and modeling of document content using statistical models and business rules
d. Visualization - translating text data to graphic format (e.g. charts, graphs) for effective reporting