Why does Protectionism lead to higher, less competitive prices for U.S. goods in a foreign country?

a. The countries whose goods are slapped with import duties into the U.S. retaliate by placing duties on U.S. goods going into their country.
b. U.S. goods seem to be higher quality, so they command higher prices.
c. The U.S. Congress passes laws to make sure American goods get higher prices.
d. Foreign consumers prefer U.S. goods, so they will pay more for them.
e. U.S. manufacturers tell exporters what to charge for their goods.