A plaintiff's attorney decides to use the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur in a case against the urologist who perforated a patient's urethra during a cystoscopy. What must the plaintiff prove?

a. This complication does not generally occur unless someone provided negligent care.
b. The locality rule was in effect at the time of the procedure.
c. Several agencies, from the manufacturer to the physician, were involved in the negligence.
d. The event causing the perforation was deliberate.
e. The plaintiff had no control over the development of the perforation.