Robin Maynard (2017) asserts that any book on the policing of Black lives must start with:

a. The emergence of modern policing in the U.S. in the mid-nineteenth century.
b. When a Dutch ship brought 20 Africans ashore at the British colony of Jamestown, Virginia in 1619.
c. The global devaluation of the Black body in 1444, during which the first African was captured and stolen from African shores by European raiders.
d. The Emancipation Proclamation, a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863.