Staghorn Renal Calculus: Jacob Horvitz is a thirty-seven-year-old man who presents to the emergency department with hematuria, severe radiating right flank pain, and an elevated white blood cell count. The radiologist's report on a KUB states there is evidence of staghorn calculus in the right renal pelvis and major calyces. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the potential etiology for such radiographic findings?
2. How are the signs and symptoms appropriate for such radiographic findings?
3. What are the treatment options for this type of renal calculus? Why or why not would these be effective?
4. What are the long-term considerations with the development of this type of renal calculus? Why?
5. How can Mr. Horvitz prevent the recurrence of this type of renal calculus in the future?