A tension pneumothorax requires a needle thoracotomy and chest tube placement as treatment for which component of the pathophysiology of this condition?

O Extreme pain caused by a fractured rib, which can reduce expansion of the thoracic cavity
O An accumulation of blood in the pleural space, which makes it difficult for the lungs to exchange gas
O Sudden failure of the respiratory system due to fluid accumulation in the alveoli
O A large accumulation of trapped air in the pleural space affects both the lungs and heart