After Medicare implemented a $35 co - pay cap on insulin, the three major insulin manufacturers announced their own $35 caps. Unlike Medicare beneficiaries who automatically receive the $35 cap at the pharmacy, people who wish to access the manufacturer's insulin cap have to register for programs. Having patients register for programs in order to access insulin is an example of . . .
a. Prior authorization
b. Managed care
c. Health care middlemen
d. Labor shifting and consumption work