If one person relies on the promise made by another person - even though the promise and surrounding circumstances are not sufficient to justify the conclusion that a contract has been created because one or more elements is missing -What doctrine may protect the person who relies to his or her detriment?

a. Common law of contracts
b. Quasi-contract
c. Restatement (Second) of Contracts
d. Uniform Commercial Code
e. Promissory estoppel