About 40 students at tOSU regularly use GroupMe (i. E., a social media application that allows people to communicate in a chatroom about a specific topic) for their courses. Often, students say and do things in the chatroom that violate academic misconduct. Despite the danger that a single person or data leak could reveal everyone's identity and compromise their degrees even after graduation, no one in GroupMe speaks out about the misconduct. Which concept from class best explains everyone's inaction?

a. Judgmental distortion
b. Fundamental attribution error
c. Knowledge of the crowd
d. Ingroup homogeneity bias
e. The bystander effect