What are the primary differences in the birthing processes of oviparous, viviparous, and ovoviviparous animals, and how do these reproductive strategies influence the survival and development of the offspring?
a) Oviparous animals lay eggs that develop and hatch outside the mother's body, viviparous animals give birth to live young after internal development, and ovoviviparous animals lay eggs that hatch within the mother's body, with these strategies influencing offspring survival through varying levels of parental protection and resource provision.
b) Oviparous animals retain eggs within the mother until hatching, viviparous animals lay eggs that develop externally, and ovoviviparous animals give birth to live young, with these strategies influencing offspring development through different rates of embryonic growth.
c) Oviparous animals lay eggs that develop internally, viviparous animals give birth to live young that require external incubation, and ovoviviparous animals retain eggs that hatch externally, with these strategies affecting offspring survival through varying degrees of environmental exposure.
d) Oviparous animals give birth to live young, viviparous animals lay eggs that develop externally, and ovoviviparous animals retain eggs within the mother until hatching, with these strategies influencing offspring development through different levels of nutrient provision.