Changes to the elderly person's skeleton, such as the loss of bone mass, contribute to skeletal instability and make fractures of the hip, rib, distal radius, and vertebrae very common. Which interventions will the perioperative nurse provide in positioning older patients in the OR?
(Select all that apply).
a. Apply pressure to the popliteal space and heels.
b. Position the patient using appropriate padding and joint protection devices.
c. Abduct the arm boards to above 90-degree angle through anatomic range of motion.
d. Assess the patient's pain rating before anesthesia induction and positioning.