The correct answer is D. All of these
Explanation:
In literature the theme refers to the message the writer wants to communicate, the theme is usually considered as the underlying message of a text that expresses a belief about one element of life such as love, death or courage, due to this most themes are not stated explicitly but developed through main elements during the story these elements include characters as their actions and motivations can support the theme of the story or show an opposite view to it, also, the character values reflect this belief about life, as well as the effect the story has on the reader as it is through this the reader can decipher what is the underlying message and to what extent he agrees on it. Thus, all of the elements in the list should be considered when trying to discover the theme in a literature piece.