Answer:
[tex][/tex] Workers faced numerous hardships under industrialization, including:
1. Long working hours: Many workers were required to work 12-16 hours a day, 6-7 days a week.
2. Dangerous working conditions: Factories were often unsafe, with high rates of accidents and injuries.
3. Low wages: Workers were paid very low wages, often not enough to support themselves or their families.
4. Child labor: Children as young as five or six were often forced to work in factories under harsh conditions.
5. Lack of job security: Workers could be fired at any time for any reason, with little to no legal protections.
As a result of these hardships, several social and labor movements emerged, including:
1. Trade unions: Workers organized into unions to negotiate for better wages, working conditions, and job security.
2. The labor movement: Labor activists fought for the rights of workers, leading to the establishment of laws and regulations aimed at protecting workers.
3. The rise of socialism: Many workers embraced socialist ideas as a way to address the inequality and exploitation they faced under industrial capitalism.
4. The fight for women's rights: Women played a significant role in the labor movement, advocating for fair wages and better working conditions for all workers.
5. The development of the welfare state: Governments implemented social programs and policies to provide support and assistance to workers, such as unemployment insurance, health care, and retirement benefits.
