The policy that caused the Umayyad caliphate to lose support among its citizens was:
D. Forcing non-Muslims to pay higher taxes.
Explanation:
1. The Umayyad caliphate implemented a policy where non-Muslims were required to pay higher taxes compared to Muslims.
2. This discriminatory tax policy created discontent among non-Muslim citizens, leading to dissatisfaction and a loss of support for the Umayyad rulers.
3. Non-Muslims felt oppressed and unfairly treated due to the unequal tax burdens imposed on them, which ultimately contributed to the decline in support for the Umayyad caliphate.
By imposing higher taxes on non-Muslims, the Umayyad caliphate alienated a significant portion of its population, resulting in a loss of support and contributing to the internal challenges faced by the empire.
