In the given question, Steele suggests that the demographics benefiting most from affirmative action policies are low-income black women. This is because affirmative action aims to address historical inequalities and provide opportunities for underrepresented groups, such as minorities and women, to level the playing field in areas like employment and education.
Steele believes that affirmative action can lead to a feeling of demoralization among people of color because it implies that they are inferior and need preferential treatment to succeed. This can reinforce stereotypes of incompetence or inadequacy based on race, undermining individual achievements and perpetuating the idea that success is only attainable through assistance rather than merit.
By understanding these concepts, it becomes evident that the effectiveness and consequences of affirmative action policies are complex and can impact various groups differently. It is important to consider these nuances when discussing the implications of such policies on society.