The response that does not explain the phenomenon of hate crimes against Muslims surging again after leveling off is:
c. the similarities between Islam and Judeo-Christian beliefs
Explanation:
a. animosity against the U.S. with our country's involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan: This explanation suggests that hate crimes against Muslims may be fueled by anger towards the U.S. due to its actions in Iraq and Afghanistan, which can lead to increased hostility towards Muslims.
b. the civil war in Syria and the resulting refugee crisis globally, and especially in Europe: This explanation points out how the civil war in Syria and the resulting refugee crisis, particularly in Europe, may contribute to a rise in hate crimes against Muslims as a reaction to these events.
d. terrorist attacks in the West committed by people in the name of Islam: This explanation highlights how terrorist attacks carried out in the name of Islam in Western countries can lead to a backlash against Muslims, potentially resulting in an increase in hate crimes targeting them.
However, the explanation in option c. about the similarities between Islam and Judeo-Christian beliefs does not directly address why hate crimes against Muslims have surged again. While it may be relevant in certain contexts, it does not provide a clear link to the specific rise in hate crimes against Muslims mentioned in the question.
