The correct answer is: c. interest groups.
1. The president exerts control over the bureaucracy through appointing agency heads, setting the overall direction of policy, and issuing executive orders.
2. The Congress has control over the bureaucracy by approving agency budgets, creating and amending laws that affect agencies, conducting oversight hearings, and confirming presidential appointments.
3. Nonvoters, though they do not directly participate in elections, still have indirect influence over the bureaucracy by voicing their concerns through advocacy groups, media, or public opinion that can shape political decisions.
4. Interest groups exert influence over the bureaucracy by lobbying policymakers, providing campaign contributions, shaping public opinion, and engaging in advocacy efforts to promote their specific agendas. However, they do not have direct control over the bureaucracy like the president, Congress, or nonvoters.
