Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy stored in glucose (sugar). Here is a step-by-step explanation of photosynthesis:
1. **Absorption of Light**: Plants have special pigments, like chlorophyll, that absorb sunlight.
2. **Water Absorption**: Roots of the plant absorb water from the soil and transport it to the leaves.
3. **Carbon Dioxide Intake**: Carbon dioxide is taken in from the air through small openings on the leaves called stomata.
4. **Light-Dependent Reactions**: In the chloroplasts of plant cells, light energy is used to split water molecules into oxygen, protons, and electrons. This process generates ATP and NADPH as energy carriers.
5. **Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reactions)**: In this stage, ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose through a series of chemical reactions.
6. **Glucose Production**: Glucose, a form of sugar, is the end product of photosynthesis. Plants use this glucose as an energy source for growth, reproduction, and other metabolic processes.
7. **Oxygen Release**: As a byproduct of photosynthesis, oxygen is released into the atmosphere, which is essential for the survival of most living organisms.
In summary, photosynthesis is a vital process for life on Earth as it provides oxygen, food, and energy for organisms.
