Answer :
The best answer to the question is:
d. all of the above
Explanation:
1. Techniques used to rank individuals according to social class can include multiple methods to gather information and assess someone's position within the societal hierarchy.
2. Reputational techniques rely on individuals' perceptions of others in terms of their social standing. This method involves asking people in a community to provide their opinions on where others fit in the social class structure.
3. Subjective techniques are based on personal opinions or judgments regarding an individual's social class. These judgments may vary based on factors like wealth, education, occupation, or lifestyle.
4. By selecting "d. all of the above," it acknowledges that both reputational and subjective techniques are used to determine social class rankings, offering a comprehensive approach to understanding how individuals are perceived in society based on various criteria.
