In primary succession, a species establishes itself in a previously unpopulated environment. This process typically occurs in areas where no soil exists, such as on bare rock or sand after a volcanic eruption or glacier retreat.
During primary succession, pioneer species like lichens and mosses are the first to colonize the barren landscape. These organisms are well-adapted to harsh conditions and can survive with minimal nutrients. As they grow and die, they start to break down the rocks and pave the way for more complex plants to grow.
Over time, as the pioneer species die and decompose, they contribute organic matter to the soil. This organic matter, along with the rock particles breaking down, eventually forms soil capable of supporting larger plants. These larger plants then attract insects, birds, and other animals, further diversifying the ecosystem.
In contrast, secondary succession occurs in areas where soil is already present, such as after a forest fire or human disturbance. In secondary succession, the process starts with the reestablishment of plants and animals in an area that was previously inhabited. This differs from primary succession, where the process begins in an entirely new environment without any existing life forms.
