The main advantage that allowed gymnosperms (conifers) to evolve from seedless nonvascular plants (ferns) is:
- The evolution of the seed, which are much better than spores.
Seeds provide numerous advantages over spores in terms of protection, dispersal, and nourishment for the developing plant embryo. Seeds are enclosed structures that protect the embryo from desiccation, mechanical damage, and harsh environmental conditions. This protection increases the chances of survival and successful germination of the plant. Additionally, seeds contain stored food reserves that support the initial growth of the young plant until it can establish its own photosynthetic capabilities.
By contrast, spores are unicellular structures that are not as well-equipped to withstand unfavorable conditions and provide nourishment for the developing plant. The evolution of seeds represented a significant advancement in plant reproduction, allowing gymnosperms to thrive in a wider range of environments and outcompete seedless nonvascular plants like ferns.
In summary, the evolution of seeds was a key adaptation that contributed to the success and diversification of gymnosperms, enabling them to become dominant plant species in many ecosystems.
