Sarah, a manager at Exoro Corp., believes in exercising absolute control over her subordinates. She believes that a worker's performance is driven by incentives and that punishing a worker for low productivity will help keep him or her on track. According to her colleagues, Sarah is a very effective manager and strictly adheres to rules and regulations. In the context of leadership, it can be inferred that Sarah exhibits the characteristics of a(n)

a. Theory Y leader.
b. idealized leader.
c. transactional leader.
d. transformational leader.