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In this case, all of the above options (A, B, and C) are characteristics of chordates. Let's break it down:
(A) A notochord is indeed a defining feature of chordates. In some chordates, this notochord is replaced by a vertebral column, which provides structural support and protection to the spinal cord.
(B) Chordates have a dorsal tubular nerve cord, also known as the spinal cord, which is located on the dorsal (back) side of the body. This nerve cord is a crucial part of the nervous system in chordates.
(C) Pharyngeal pouches are another characteristic found in some stage of development in chordates. These pouches are present in the pharyngeal region and play various roles depending on the species.
Therefore, since all of the options (A, B, and C) are indeed characteristics of chordates, the correct answer is (D) all of the above. Chordates exhibit these features at some point in their life cycle.
