Answer :

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To make a formal substantiated claim or argument, you need:

1. Valid sources with proper citations: It is crucial to support your claim with evidence from reliable sources. These sources should be cited correctly to give credibility to your argument. For example, using peer-reviewed articles, academic journals, or reputable websites can strengthen your argument.

2. Rational thinking: Your argument should be logical and based on reasoning rather than emotions or biases. Think critically about the information you are presenting and ensure that it follows a coherent and logical structure. This helps in making a compelling and well-supported argument.

While good writing and opinions are important in conveying your argument effectively, the core of a formal substantiated claim or argument lies in having valid sources with proper citations and employing rational thinking to support your stance. By incorporating these elements, you can construct a strong and persuasive argument that is backed by evidence and reasoning.