Final answer:
Nurses experience moral distress due to external constraints like lack of knowledge, hierarchy in the healthcare system, and conflicting hospital policies.
Explanation:
External constraints that often contribute to nurses' moral distress include:
- Lack of knowledge or understanding: Nurses may feel distressed when faced with ethical issues they are not knowledgeable about.
- Hierarchy and institutional obstacles of the health care system: Institutional barriers and hierarchical structures can hinder nurses from addressing ethical issues.
- Hospital policies and procedures that conflict with patient needs: Nurses may experience distress when they are bound by conflicting hospital policies that do not align with patients' best interests.
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