Final answer:
Mining was a profitable yet hazardous economic activity for Spain, with significant profits generated for mine owners and poor wages for miners.
Explanation:
Mining was the economic activity that was profitable for Spain but often hazardous for its workers. The mining industry in Spanish colonies, especially in regions like the Andes and Mexico, yielded significant profits for the mine owners while the miners, usually immigrants or Native Americans, were paid meager wages and lived in poverty. The quinto rule specified that one-fifth of all precious metals mined had to go to the Spanish Crown, showcasing the importance of mining to the Spanish economy.
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