Final answer:
The Italian peninsula was divided into city-states, papal-controlled territories, and petty kingdoms, leading to a complex political landscape until unification in the nineteenth century.
Explanation:
The countries or regions located on the Italian peninsula included city-states, papal-controlled territories, and petty kingdoms. These entities were often in constant conflict and trade, leading to the creative environment that sparked the Renaissance.
Italy remained divided into smaller states until the nineteenth century when it was unified into a single nation. Various powers like Spain, France, and Austria held influence over different parts of Italy throughout history.
The Italian Wars and foreign dominations by Spain, France, and Austria shaped the political landscape of the Italian peninsula. The Papal States, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and city-states like Florence and Pisa were crucial entities in the region.
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