Hsiao-Hua is a graduate student of business management. The following paragraph describes how he wrote his master' s thesis. Please read through and determine which type of misconduct was involved during the process: in the early stage of the research, Hsiao Hua used a questionnaire to collect the information he needed and analyzed the collected data using professional statistical software. However, the results were not ideal and did not support his research hypothesis. Therefore, he deleted and modified some of the data that may have affected the results from the final table to ensure the data supported his hypothesis. At the end of the school year, he successfully completed the master's thesis and passed the oral defense of the thesis. After another half a year, referring to the suggestions given by the thesis defense committee, he applied a more sophisticated statistical method to analyze the same raw data. This time, he did not modify any data and wrote a new paper based on the actual analysis results. The paper was successfully published as a proceedings paper at a domestic academic seminar.
(1) This is data fabrication.
(2) This is data falsification.
(3) This is data fabrication and duplicate publication.
(4) This is data falsification and plagiarism.