Answer:
Here are brief biographies of two prominent Indian scientists: C.V. Raman and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.
Explanation:
1. C.V. Raman (Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman)
Early Life and Education
Birth: November 7, 1888, in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
Education: Raman completed his B.A. in Physics from Presidency College, Madras (now Chennai), at the age of 16, and his M.A. from the same institution.
Scientific Contributions
Raman Effect: In 1928, C.V. Raman discovered the scattering of light, known as the Raman Effect, which is the change in wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules. This discovery earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, making him the first Asian and non-white individual to receive a Nobel Prize in the sciences.
Career: Raman served as a professor at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Later, he became the first Indian director of the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore.
Legacy
Institutions: He founded the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore in 1948.
Awards: Besides the Nobel Prize, Raman received numerous awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honor, in 1954.
Death: November 21, 1970, in Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
2. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam)
Early Life and Education
Birth: October 15, 1931, in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India.
Education: Kalam graduated in Physics from St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirapalli, and later studied aerospace engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology (MIT).
Scientific Contributions
Missile Development: Known as the "Missile Man of India," Kalam played a pivotal role in India's civilian space program and military missile development. He was a key figure in the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology, particularly the Agni and Prithvi missiles.
Pokhran-II Nuclear Tests: In 1998, Kalam played a crucial role in India's nuclear tests at Pokhran, which made India a nuclear weapon state.
Presidency and Legacy
President of India: Kalam served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. He was widely known as the "People's President" due to his accessibility and dedication to education and youth.
Author and Educator: After his presidency, Kalam continued to promote education and innovation, authoring several books, including "Wings of Fire," an autobiography that inspired millions.
Awards: He received many prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna in 1997.
Death: July 27, 2015, in Shillong, Meghalaya, India, while delivering a lecture.
Conclusion
C.V. Raman and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam are two towering figures in Indian science, each making seminal contributions in their respective fields. Raman's pioneering work in physics and Kalam's advancements in aerospace and defense technology have left lasting legacies, inspiring generations of scientists and engineers in India and beyond.