Answer :
c.secondary victimization
Victimization is the outcome of an action taken by a person that is meant to cause harm that is physical, sexual, psychological, or moral, or results in such harm, being done to another person or people. Victimization is technically caused by criminal actions, such as assault, or abuse. Crimes such as these often go unreported because of the power dynamics between perpetrators, those they have victimized, and the authorities (in some cases, in fact, the authorities are also the perpetrators, rendering access to help much harder). Conversely, these crimes can go overlooked because of the challenge of proving the reality of harm having been done when it is not evident to the human eye to the authorities. These obstacles, however, do not alter the reality of someone's being victimized and suffering trauma as a result. If one has been harmed, one suffers valid victimization.
