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Slide 1: Title Slide
Title: Approaching Hypercalcaemia
Slide 2: Definition and Importance
Hypercalcaemia
Definition: Elevated levels of calcium in the blood, typically >10.5 mg/dL.
Importance: Can indicate serious underlying conditions and cause significant morbidity if untreated.
Slide 3: Symptoms
Clinical Presentation
Mild Symptoms:
Fatigue
Nausea
Constipation
Severe Symptoms:
Confusion
Polyuria and polydipsia
Muscle weakness
Arrhythmias
Slide 4: Initial Assessment
Initial Workup
History and Physical Examination:
Assess for symptoms and possible causes.
Laboratory Tests:
Serum calcium (total and ionized)
Serum albumin (to correct calcium)
Renal function tests
Electrolytes (especially phosphate and magnesium)
Slide 5: Differential Diagnosis
Causes of Hypercalcaemia
PTH-Dependent:
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia
PTH-Independent:
Malignancy (PTHrP, osteolytic metastases)
Vitamin D-related (intoxication, granulomatous diseases)
Medications (thiazides, lithium)
Others (thyrotoxicosis, adrenal insufficiency)
Slide 6: Immediate Management
Acute Management
Hydration:
IV normal saline to correct dehydration and enhance renal calcium excretion.
Medications:
Bisphosphonates (e.g., zoledronic acid)
Calcitonin (for rapid, short-term lowering)
Glucocorticoids (in vitamin D-related hypercalcemia)
Slide 7: Long-Term Management
Long-Term Treatment
Address Underlying Cause:
Surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism
Cancer treatment for malignancy-associated hypercalcemia
Medication adjustments
Ongoing Monitoring:
Regular follow-up of calcium levels
Monitor renal function and bone health
Slide 8: Special Considerations
Considerations
Chronic Kidney Disease:
Adjust treatment for renal impairment.
Elderly Patients:
Monitor for dehydration and cardiovascular effects.
Pediatric Patients:
Consider genetic causes and growth implications.
Slide 9: Case Study
Case Study
Present a clinical case scenario of a patient with hypercalcemia.
Walk through the diagnostic process, management plan, and outcome.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary
Importance of a systematic approach.
Early identification and management are key.
Tailor treatment to the underlying cause and patient-specific factors.
Slide 11: Q&A
Questions and Answers
This slide outline provides a comprehensive approach to hypercalcemia, covering definition, symptoms, assessment, differential diagnosis, immediate and long-term management, special considerations, and a case study for practical understanding.
