Final answer:
Washington, D.C. became the national capital through a political compromise and congressional authority, involving a deal with Virginia for its relocation and central placement among new states.
Explanation:
Washington, D.C. became the national capital due to a political compromise known as the Compromise of 1790, where Madison and Hamilton reached an agreement to move the capital to a site on the Potomac River.
Hamilton's deal with Virginia ensured the relocation to benefit the state, and the placement in a central location among the new states along the Atlantic sea coast.
Congress had the authority under Section 8 Clause 17 to establish the capital in a special capital territory outside any state's jurisdiction, leading to the selection of Washington, D.C. along the Potomac River.
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