The success of the Islamic expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate was influenced by strategic military tactics, religious unity, economic benefits, and exploiting societal divisions.
The expansion of Islam under the Umayyad Caliphate was driven by multiple factors that contributed to its success. The vacuum theory explains how Islam filled the power gap left by weakened Byzantine and Persian empires. Military tactics, such as aggressive strategies and garrison settlements, were pivotal in their victories. Additionally, religious unity, economic motivations like the jizya tax, and exploiting internal divisions in targeted societies all played key roles in the rapid expansion of Islam.
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