Alcohol is primarily metabolized in the liver, with a small percentage also metabolized in the stomach. The remaining alcohol is excreted through various bodily fluids.
Alcohol metabolism primarily occurs in the liver, where up to 98% of ethanol is metabolized, with 10-30% also being metabolized in the stomach. The remaining alcohol is excreted through breath, urine, saliva, and sweat. Metabolism of alcohol in the body is essential for eliminating its effects and preventing toxicity.
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The liver is the primary organ responsible for breaking down alcohol, or metabolizing it, to remove it from the body.
The liver's enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) transforms ethanol into acetaldehyde, a toxic compound that the body recognizes as such.
The liver metabolizes alcohol at a fairly consistent rate of about one drink per hour, or 0.015 grams per 100 milliliters per hour. However, the liver can't speed up the detoxification process if there's too much alcohol in the blood.
The body also eliminates 2–5% of alcohol through sweat, urine, or breath. Alcohol is volatile, so it can evaporate into the air when it comes into contact with the air in the lungs' alveoli.
Several factors can influence how quickly the body metabolizes alcohol, including:
Gender
Men have more dehydrogenase than women, so their bodies break down alcohol faster.
Medications
Birth control pills and other medications that contain estrogen can slow down the rate at which alcohol is eliminated.
Liver damage
Liver damage can limit the body's ability to metabolize alcohol effectively.
Age
The body's ability to metabolize alcohol quickly tends to decrease with age.