Final answer:
The atomic number determines x-ray emission frequency, and electrostatic screening influences interactions within atoms.
Explanation:
Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, representing the unique identity of the element. This number determines the frequency of x-ray emission as described by the relationship where the energy difference associated with electron transitions increases with the atomic number.
The occurrence of interactions within atoms is mainly due to electrostatic screening, where electrons partially compensate for the electric charge of the atomic nucleus. This screening effect alters quantitative results significantly by affecting the energy scale, but it doesn't change the atomic quantum number hierarchy.
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