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Use the following table to help you respond to the prompts below.

Codons Found in Messenger RNA

\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline \multicolumn{6}{|c|}{ Second Base } \\
\hline First Base & U & C & A & G & Third Base \\
\hline \multirow{4}{}{ U } & Phe & Ser & Tyr & Cys & U \\
\hline & Phe & Ser & Tyr & Cys & C \\
\hline & Leu & Ser & Stop & Stop & A \\
\hline & Leu & Ser & Stop & Trp & G \\
\hline \multirow{4}{}{ C } & Leu & Pro & His & Arg & U \\
\hline & Leu & Pro & His & Arg & C \\
\hline & Leu & Pro & Gln & Arg & A \\
\hline & Leu & Pro & Gln & Arg & G \\
\hline \multirow{4}{}{ A } & Ile & Thr & Asn & Ser & U \\
\hline & Ile & Thr & Asn & Ser & C \\
\hline & Ile & Thr & Lys & Arg & A \\
\hline & Met(Start) & Thr & Lys & Arg & G \\
\hline \multirow{4}{}{ G } & Val & Ala & Asp & Gly & U \\
\hline & Val & Ala & Asp & Gly & C \\
\hline & Val & Ala & Glu & Gly & A \\
\hline & Val & Ala & Glu & Gly & G \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

Carlos needs help with biology because he is having trouble understanding the process of protein synthesis, and his answer to a question needs to be fixed. In the question, he is given a DNA strand that has the nucleotide sequence GAC CAT GTC. He says that he wrote the mRNA as CTG GTA CAG, but then he's not sure how to use the codon table above to figure out the amino acids.

Part 1: Identify the correct nucleotide sequence and explain why it is different from Carlos's answer.

Part 2: Using the codon table along with the correct nucleotide sequence, teach Carlos how to use the codon chart. Make sure you include each step as well as the final amino acid sequence in your explanation.



Answer :

GinnyAnswer
Sure, Carlos! Let's work through this step-by-step to clarify your understanding and identify the mistakes in your answer.

### Part 1: Transcribing DNA to mRNA

Original DNA sequence: GAC CAT GTC

To transcribe DNA to mRNA, we replace each DNA base with its complementary RNA base:
- A (Adenine) -> U (Uracil)
- T (Thymine) -> A (Adenine)
- C (Cytosine) -> G (Guanine)
- G (Guanine) -> C (Cytosine)

Let's transcribe the given DNA sequence into mRNA:
- G -> C
- A -> U
- C -> G
- C -> G
- A -> U
- T -> A
- G -> C
- T -> A
- C -> G

Putting it all together, the correct mRNA sequence should be:
Correct mRNA sequence: CUG GUA CAG

Carlos's answer of "CTG GTA CAG" was incorrect because he didn't follow the transcription rules accurately.

### Part 2: Translating mRNA to Amino Acids

Now we'll use the correct mRNA sequence (CUG GUA CAG) to determine the amino acids. The mRNA sequence is read in groups of three bases, called codons. Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid according to the codon chart.

We split the mRNA sequence into codons:
Codons: CUG, GUA, CAG

Now we will look up each codon in the codon table provided:

1. CUG - According to the table, 'CUG' corresponds to "Leu" (Leucine).
2. GUA - 'GUA' corresponds to "Val" (Valine).
3. CAG - 'CAG' corresponds to "Gln" (Glutamine).

So, using the codon table, we translate the mRNA sequence into amino acids as follows:
Amino Acid Sequence: Leu, Val, Gln

### Summary for Carlos:

1. Correct mRNA Sequence: CUG GUA CAG
2. Codons: CUG, GUA, CAG
3. Amino Acids from mRNA: Leu, Val, Gln

By following these steps, you can accurately transcribe a DNA sequence to mRNA and then translate it to determine the corresponding amino acid sequence using the codon chart. Now you should be able to handle similar questions on your own. Keep practicing, Carlos!

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